Saturday, April 9, 2011

Ring thing

8 April 2011 Last updated at 02:45 GMT By Stephen Robb BBC News Man holding wedding ring Some men may just not like jewellery A generation or two ago, a British prince choosing not to wear a wedding ring would have barely drawn comment. But the headlines that followed that decision by Prince William show that rings for husbands are now the norm.

William's decision not to wear a wedding ring isn't unique even in his own family. Prince Charles does wear one - next to a signet ring on the little finger of his left hand - but the Duke of Edinburgh does not.

Those contrasting decisions may to some extent be considered a product of the times in which William's father and grandfather were each married.

While the wearing of wedding rings by brides has been traced back to ancient Egypt, it is only in the latter part of the last century that more than a small minority of bridegrooms began doing the same.

World War II is considered to have heralded a seismic shift, as many Western men fighting overseas chose to wear wedding rings as a comforting reminder of their wives and families back home.

"The mid-20th Century is when it becomes mainstream," says Rachel Church, a curator in metalwork at the Victoria and Albert Museum.

Continue reading the main story Archaeologists found evidence of brides' wedding bands in hieroglyphics of ancient Egyptians, for whom a circle symbolised eternityRing was worn on fourth finger of left hand because of belief in ancient times in a vein running from there directly to the heart, which the Romans called "vena amoris" - "vein of love"In medieval Europe, Christian wedding ceremony involved putting the ring on the bride's index, middle and fourth fingers in turn, to represent the Holy TrinityThe ceremony in the Church of England Book of Common Prayer, from 1549, includes the words "with this ring I thee wed" - but involves only the presentation of a ring by the man to the woman "That's when men started to be expected to wear wedding rings, and nowadays when you hear men don't want to wear them you think that it's a bit odd."

Probably the most common explanation is the one that has been given for William's decision - a royal aide was quoted as saying he "isn't one for jewellery".

But in other cases of ring refusal, an underhand motive is often inferred, as shown in a discussion on parenting website Mumsnet that came in the wake of the Prince William announcement.

"It's so he can pick up girls in bars anonymously, no?" joked one contributor. "Perhaps he doesn't want anyone to know he's married cos it'll cramp his style," suggested another.

The marital status of the man second-in-line to the throne is obviously never going to be much of a secret, not least after a wedding expected to be watched by up to two billion people later this month.

But, given that a wedding ring can simply be removed, is a desire not to deter a potential mistress really going to be the reason some men decide against wearing one in the first place?

"I don't think it's anything suspicious," says David Miller, director at etiquette guide Debrett's. "It used to be very uncommon for men to wear wedding rings, and is now becoming accepted practice.

"I don't think a band on the finger will guarantee anybody's fidelity - there are some more primitive urges at play there, I would suggest. But it's a statement of commitment. It's a celebration as well."

Man places wedding ring on bride's finger The tradition of brides' rings go back much further

The rise in popularity of men's wedding rings has been part of a wider boom in jewellery worn by men, which Miller traces back to the 60s and 70s and the arrival in the UK of Continental fashions for men's neck chains and bracelets.

"Some of it was of questionable taste - we all remember 'medallion man'," Miller says.

But as long as it is "tasteful, discreet and appropriate", Debrett's considers men's jewellery - wedding rings included - a matter of "personal choice".

Historically, another reason a wedding ring was worn only by the bride was because it has served at times to represent ownership by her husband.

Therefore the advance of women's rights in the last century may also help explain why the exchange of two rings in the marriage ceremony became common.

"Maybe men and women both wearing weddings rings is a sign of more equality - it's supposed to be something that ties them both in the same way," says Church.

What will probably never be equal, though, is the relative attention on each of the bride and groom on their wedding day.

William's decision against wearing a wedding ring is unlikely to spark a trend because there is not the necessary interest among men, Miller suggests.

Whereas, he says, many women will be scrutinising events on 29 April, picking up ideas and, come their own big day, hoping to make themselves look just like the royal bride.

"I think there is going to be greater, more significant impact in terms of how Catherine appears, than how William appears," Miller says.

For the most part, after all, it's the bride's day.


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Motorists warned over bomb alert

8 April 2011 Last updated at 12:50 GMT Motorists have been driving round the suspicious van after traffic cones were moved

Police have warned motorists ignoring or moving traffic cones close to the scene of a Newry bomb alert that they have a "blatant disregard" for people's safety.

The Belfast to Dublin Road is closed due to a suspicious van which has been found in an underpass.

Police had said the vehicle was "cordoned off", but some motorists have been able to get close.

There have also been two hoax bomb alerts in Lurgan.

A number of people were moved from their homes at Francis Street and Castle Lane Mews in the town.

Army bomb experts carried out controlled explosions on two suspect devices, both of which were later declared hoaxes.

The security alert in Newry began shortly before 2300 BST on Thursday after two bomb warnings were received by the Daisy Hill Hospital and a charity.

The dual carriageway is closed in both directions.

Motorists have been advised to avoid both scenes of the security alerts and use the diversions in place.

BBC Northern Ireland reporter Conor MacAuley said that police had told him the suspect vehicle was "extremely well cordoned off".

However, speaking on Friday morning, he said some motorists had still been able to get close to the vehicle.

"There are road closed signs up, there are cones, some signs and lights, but I can't see any police presence at the moment," he added.

"What has happened is that someone has come along and they have moved the cones out of the road and traffic is moving freely up and down past the suspect vehicle.

"I have seen dozens of cars driving past this morning, some of them with small children in the back of their cars doing the school run.

"People obviously don't realise the potential danger they are in."

He said police would be aware of the dissident republican threat in the area.

"It is not long ago that a primed mortar was found on the motorway here which led to the discovery of a bomb-making factory in County Louth," he said.

"Police will be cautious because they will know that if this was called in with very specific details about where this suspicious vehicle was there is always the risk there is the possibility of a secondary device.

"I would say they will move very slowly and this alert could go on for some time yet."

The railway line between Newry and Dundalk has also been closed because of the ongoing security alert.

Passengers are being transported by bus between these stations.


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Osborne House in 'royal' mix up

8 April 2011 Last updated at 12:16 GMT Osborne House, Isle of Wight The royal title will not be bestowed on the former palace English Heritage has been told it cannot change the name of Queen Victoria's former palace Osborne House to include a royal title.

The name change to "Royal Osborne" was announced last month and the heritage body said it hoped people would "celebrate this royal association".

But it did not seek permission through the Cabinet Office to add the royal label to the Isle of Wight landmark.

A government spokesman said royal pre-fixes were "very sparingly" granted.

The new title had been expected to come into effect from 1 April. Some literature was already using the "royal" name.

'Confusion or offence'

A spokesman for the Cabinet Office said: "If any organisation wants to have the royal pre-fix it has to go to the cabinet and a decision is made - it is very sparingly granted."

English Heritage, the government's statutory adviser on the historic environment, claimed it had never been its intention to officially change Osborne House's name.

But last month a statement sent out by the organisation said: "We hope people will be delighted with the new name and will celebrate this royal association."

On Friday an English Heritage spokesman said: "We apologise if in our wish to communicate the importance of Osborne House, we have caused any confusion or offence."

The 342-acre estate, at East Cowes, was bought by Prince Albert and Queen Victoria in 1845. It was the couple's main residence with their nine children.

Queen Victoria died at the palace in 1901 after reigning for nearly 64 years.


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Teachers in protest over violence

7 April 2011 Last updated at 07:25 GMT Darwen Vale High School Pupil behaviour was rated as good by Ofsted in an inspection last June Teachers have gone on strike protesting over violence, threats and "poor management" at a Lancashire school.

Staff at Darwen Vale High School in Darwen said they have a lack of backing from management when they confront bad behaviour from pupils.

The teachers formed a picket line outside the 1,100-pupil school during the one-day walkout on Thursday.

Head teacher Hilary Torpey said management was in talks with the unions over how to better support staff.

The unions say pupils' behaviour includes challenging teachers to fights, pushing and shoving staff, pupils making malicious allegations, constant swearing, and filming lessons on mobiles and threatening to post them online.

'Last resort'

There have also been problems with cyber bullying and pornography, it is claimed. And it is alleged that when teachers confiscated pupils' phones they have then been returned by management, leaving staff "totally undermined".

Continue reading the main story
The vast majority of pupils at Darwen Vale behave well and take their education seriously”

End Quote Hilary Torpey Head teacher Members of the National Association of Schoolteachers/Union of Women Teachers (NASUWT) and the National Union of Teachers (NUT) are on strike.

The dispute is also supported by members of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers (ATL) and the support staff's union, Unison.

Parents of children at the school have been told no classes will be held during the walkout.

Avis Gilmore, secretary of Lancashire NUT, said: "There is obviously a problem, it is the last resort for teachers to go on strike.

"It is necessary to make the management understand the problem."

Head teacher Ms Torpey, who began her first full academic year at the school in September, said she was disappointed with the strike.

"My main priority is around the wellbeing and education of our pupils and the best interests of the school. I want to ensure disruption is kept to a minimum," she said.

"I am disappointed that the trade unions have chosen to take this action. The vast majority of pupils at Darwen Vale behave well and take their education seriously.

"We are in discussions with the unions and with the staff around how we can best resolve this situation so that staff feel well supported when they do need to deal with behaviour issues."

In its latest Ofsted inspection in June 2010, Darwen Vale was rated as a good school where pupils' behaviour was also given a good rating.

Currently, pupils are being taught temporarily at former Holden Fold school buildings, which have a capacity of only 800.

The original Darwen Vale High School is being rebuilt under the Building Schools for the Future programme.

The new £18m school is scheduled to open in September 2012.


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More bodies found in Ivory Coast

8 April 2011 Last updated at 11:56 GMT Prisoners are loaded on to a truck by Ouattara forces in Abidjan, 7 April Pro-Ouattara forces round up prisoners in the main city of Abidjan More than 100 bodies have been found in Ivory Coast, the United Nations has said, amid the continuing conflict between rivals for the presidency.

The UN said the bodies had been found in the west of the country, in apparent ethnic killings.

Internationally recognised President Alassane Ouattara has been battling incumbent Laurent Gbagbo, who is blockaded in a bunker in Abidjan.

Meanwhile, the EU says it may ease sanctions after a plea by Mr Ouattara.

The UN has certified Mr Ouattara as the winner of November's run-off vote for president but Mr Gbagbo has refused to cede power.

Mr Ouattara's forces have swept down from the north over the past two weeks but much of the main city of Abidjan is dominated by Gbagbo supporters and days of fighting has plunged it into crisis.

'Liberian mercenaries'

Rupert Colville, spokesman for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, said its team had found more than 100 bodies in the past 24 hours across three locations in the west.

"All the incidents appear to be ethnically motivated," he said.

Mr Ouattara tells Ivorians Mr Gbagbo's refusal to step down had caused a great crisis

The findings on 7 April were:

Duekoue: 15 new bodies, bringing the total number of known dead in a 28-29 March incident to 244. Victims mostly or all of Guerre ethnicity, traditional Gbagbo supporters. Some seem to have been burnt alive and some corpses were thrown down a wellBlolequin: 40 bodies. Perpetrators said to have been Liberian militias, who spared the Guerre after separating them out from other groupsGuiglo: 60 bodies, including a number of West Africans

The reports of mass killings began last week, after Duekoue was captured by pro-Ouattara forces.

Each side has blamed the other for the killings.

Mr Colville told the BBC there were fears more bodies would be found.

Map

He added: "If Mr Gbagbo gives up, it would allow the new administration to try to restore law and order but it is very hard for everyone, including the UN, while this impasse continues."

Mr Colville said of the latest killings that "one has to be a little bit cautious of assigning responsibilities".

The Ouattara camp has previously accused Laurent Gbagbo of recruiting Liberian mercenaries, a claim Mr Gbagbo denies.

But there are reports of both sides using local ethnic militias, which have had a long-standing influence in the west of the country. They were not disarmed after the previous civil war and their overall loyalty is questionable.

'Question of principle'

On Friday, UN relief agencies called for humanitarian corridors which will allow safe passage for thousands of people fleeing the fighting.

Continue reading the main story 28 Nov 2010: Incumbent Laurent Gbagbo and challenger Alassane Ouattara in election run-off2 Dec: Electoral commission announces that Ouattara won 54% of vote3 Dec: Constitutional Council declaring Gbagbo the winner; UN says Ouattara was victor30 Mar 2011: Pro-Ouattara forces enter the capital, Yamoussoukro4 Apr: UN launches air strikes on Gbagbo in main city, Abidjan5 Apr: Three generals negotiate Gbagbo's surrender6 Apr: Gbagbo denies he is ready to leaveMeanwhile, the European Union says it hopes to begin easing some of its sanctions on Ivory Coast soon, following a request from Mr Ouattara.

A spokesman for EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton told the BBC: "We've received a request from President Ouattara to remove certain entities from the sanctions list. We are working on this in close consultation with President Ouattara and hope to be able to begin easing the sanctions soon."

There are EU sanctions across many sectors, including on two key ports, banks and on cocoa exports, as well as individual sanctions on Mr Gbagbo and dozens of his supporters.

In Abidjan, pro-Ouattara forces continue to besiege Mr Gbagbo in his residence.

Mr Ouattara said a blockade had been set up around the perimeter to make the district safe for residents. He said his forces would wait for Mr Gbagbo to run out of food and water.

Advisers to Mr Gbagbo say he is determined not to surrender.

"President Gbagbo will not surrender," said his Paris-based adviser Toussaint Alain.

"It's a question of principle. He is a president elected by his people."

Map

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Ban on under-18 sunbed use begins

8 April 2011 Last updated at 01:38 GMT Teenage boy on a sunbed Teenagers should no longer be allowed to use sunbeds Businesses in England and Wales that allow under-18s to use sunbeds risk being fined up to £20,000 under new legislation.

The Sunbed (Regulation) Act 2010 stops young people using sunbeds in places including salons, gyms and hotels.

However, there will be no requirement for businesses to ask for ID, or to keep a register of customers.

Cancer experts said the move would help protect children from developing skin cancer in later life.

Figures show that, on average, 6% of 11 to 17-year-olds in England use sunbeds, rising to 50% of 15 to 17-year-olds girls in Liverpool and Sunderland.

Data published by Cancer Research UK earlier this week showed more than two people under the age of 35 are diagnosed with malignant melanoma - the deadliest form of skin cancer - every day in the UK.

It will be up to local authorities to decide how to check businesses are complying with the law, using measures such as unannounced spot-checks or pre-planned visits.

Members of the public will also be able to report concerns over a business allowing children and adolescents to use sunbeds.

High risk

The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH) said the ban would help protect young people, but said it did not go far enough.

Continue reading the main story
This law will go a long way to protecting children from developing malignant melanoma in later life”

End Quote Institute of Cancer Research It called for similar measures to those in Wales, where use of unsupervised machines is also banned and businesses are required to provide health information and protective eyewear to customers.

Andrew Griffiths of the CIEH, said: "We are extremely pleased to see the Act coming into force and believe it will give valuable protection to young people who are particularly vulnerable when it comes to contracting skin cancer."

Scotland banned under-18 sunbed use in 2008. The Northern Ireland Assembly has also proposed a ban.

Announcing the English legislative change, public health minister Anne Milton said: "This new law will go some way to help reduce one of the biggest cancers among 15 to 24-year-olds.

"We want to protect under-18s from the dangers of sunbeds and reduce the number of young people getting skin cancer."

Cancer Research UK's director of policy, Sarah Woolnough, said: "The World Health Organization has classified sunbed use in its highest risk category for cancer, alongside tobacco.

"We encourage people to take care in the sun and avoid using sunbeds."

Dr Elizabeth Rapley, from the Institute of Cancer Research, added: "Using sunbeds under the age of 35 increases the risk of developing malignant melanoma by 75%.

"This law will go a long way to protecting children from developing malignant melanoma in later life."


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India anti-graft protests urged

8 April 2011 Last updated at 09:38 GMT Social activist Anna Hazare rests near microphones of news channels during a "fast unto death" campaign in New Delhi April 8, 2011. Anna Hazare is on the fourth day of his fast in Delhi Hunger striking Indian activist Anna Hazare has called for mass protests by his supporters against corruption.

The 72-year-old campaigner is on the fourth day of a fast to push for stringent new anti-corruption laws.

He wants his followers to "fill India's jails" in a mass campaign of non-violent civil disobedience on 13 April.

Thousands of people have joined Mr Hazare's protest. In recent months India has been rocked by a string of corruption scandals.

On Thursday, the government agreed to include civil society members in a new panel which Mr Hazare is demanding be set up to draft tighter anti-corruption legislation.

But differences remain over who will lead the panel and whether it will have legal powers.

'No violence'

Mr Hazare has said he wants the "jail bharo" (fill the prison) movement to take place across India.

"But you should participate in the agitation keeping in mind Mahatma Gandhi. There should be no violence anywhere," he told his supporters.

India's governing Congress party leader Sonia Gandhi has urged Mr Hazare to give up his fast. She said his views would receive the government's "full attention" in the fight against corruption.

Doctors are checking Mr Hazare twice a day to monitor his health. The 72-year-old says he will refuse food until the government accedes to his demands.

There has been widespread support for Mr Hazare with protests and hunger strikes reported across India.

Some 2,000 people have joined the activist at the historic Jantar Mantar observatory in Delhi, where he is conducting his fast.

Correspondents say Mr Hazare has rallied people across the country disillusioned with the recent spate of scandals - he is highly respected as a social activist with an untarnished reputation.

Some of the recent corruption scandals to have angered Indians include a multi-billion dollar alleged telecoms scam, alleged financial malpractices in connection with the 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games and allegations that houses for war widows were diverted to civil servants.

Last month the head of the country's anti-corruption watchdog was forced to resign by the Supreme Court on the grounds that he himself faced corruption charges.


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Friday, April 8, 2011

Sudan air raid: 'Israel to blame'

6 April 2011 Last updated at 15:18 GMT The two victims of the air strike have not yet been named

Sudan has accused Israel of carrying out an air strike that killed two people in a car near the city of Port Sudan on Tuesday.

Foreign Minister Ali Ahmad Karti said one man was Sudanese, but the identity of the other passenger was unknown.

There has been no comment from Israel. But correspondents say Israel believes weapons are being smuggled through the region to Gaza.

Mr Karti said the air strike was an attempt to damage Sudan's reputation.

It was intended to disrupt the process of removing Sudan from the list of states that sponsor terrorism, he added.

Washington this year initiated the process to remove Sudan from that list after a peaceful January referendum in which the country's south voted to secede.

Shadowy war

The car was hit about 15km (nine miles) south of Port Sudan on Tuesday.

Continue reading the main story Jonathan Marcus BBC diplomatic correspondent

Reports of the incident are contradictory and much remains speculation.

Nonetheless it looks as though this attack could be one more reminder of the shadowy war that is being waged along Sudan's Red Sea coast. The intelligence-gathering is constant. Engagements though are few and far between.

The struggle pits the Israeli military against well-organised arms smugglers seeking to get weaponry into the Gaza Strip.

Of course Israel is not the only country potentially responsible for the missile attack. The US too on occasion has fired missiles at alleged terror targets in Sudan.

But this attack against individuals who were clearly considered specific targets suggests a complex intelligence-driven operation. It could well have countering arms-smuggling as its goal.

There is confusion as to whether the car was hit by a plane, helicopters or a missile fired from outside Sudan.

Mr Karti said one of the victims was an innocent civilian and efforts were being made to discover the identity of the second man.

"The attack was carried out by Israel. We are absolutely sure of this," Mr Karti was quoted as saying by AFP news agency.

So far no-one has claimed to have carried out the attack.

"We heard three loud explosions," a source at Port Sudan airport told Reuters news agency. "Eyewitnesses told us they saw two helicopters which looked like Apaches flying past."

The car had been travelling into the city from the airport, one Sudanese official said.

Gaza connection?

In 2009, the Sudanese authorities said a convoy of people smugglers was hit by unidentified aircraft in Sudan's eastern Red Sea state.

There was speculation at the time that the strike may have been carried out by Israel to stop weapons bound for Gaza.

map

The then Israeli Prime Minister, Ehud Olmert, appeared to give credence to the idea that Israel was involved in that attack, saying: "We operate everywhere where we can hit terror infrastructure - in close places and in places further away."

Israel has not commented on the latest incident.

The BBC's James Copnall in Sudan says Hamas, the militant Palestinian group that controls the Gaza Strip, is on good terms with Khartoum.

There has been an uneasy peace in eastern Sudan for several years, following one of Sudan's many civil wars.

But the region is very underdeveloped, even by Sudanese standards, and there are fears about increased illegal activity there, our correspondent says.


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Man accused of grooming 22 girls

8 April 2011 Last updated at 11:36 GMT A man has appeared in court accused of grooming 22 girls in the UK via the internet.

Paul Anthony Wilson, 20, from Birmingham, appeared before the city's magistrates to face 43 charges.

Charges include 19 counts of inciting a child to engage in sexual activity and 19 charges of making indecent images.

He was also charged with making a child look at indecent images, distributing images and one charge of making 755 indecent child photos.

Mr Wilson was remanded in custody and is next due to appear before Birmingham magistrates on 15 April.

The case relates to internet grooming and involves 22 girls from across the UK aged between 12 and 15, the court heard.

The alleged offences took place between 9 May, 2008 and 5 January, 2011.


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VIDEO: UK's 'fake quake' dog training facility

8 April 2011 Last updated at 08:22 GMT Help

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Has feminism blocked social mobility for men?

6 April 2011 Last updated at 11:34 GMT Male and female worker Feminism provided an obstacle to social mobility for working-class men, Cabinet minister David Willetts has controversially argued. But is he right?

They were meant to welcome a new era of fairness and opportunity for all. Instead, a minister's remarks have prompted debate over the effect of women's entry into higher education and the professions.

In a briefing to journalists ahead of the government's social mobility strategy, David Willetts, the universities minister, appeared to suggest that feminism had made it harder for working-class men to get ahead in life.

Asked what was to blame for a lack of social mobility, the Daily Telegraph quoted him saying: "The feminist revolution in its first-round effects was probably the key factor.

"Feminism trumped egalitarianism. It is not that I am against feminism, it's just that is probably the single biggest factor."

His remarks sparked a wave of criticism, and Mr Willetts made it clear that he supported the move of women into the workplace and higher education. But to some the notion that more jobs for females equals fewer opportunities for males will be a convincing one.

Continue reading the main story Welder

Alan Manning, professor of economics, LSE

"The expansion of university education was faster among women - they went from being a minority of students to a majority.

"But it's not true that if one group takes something, there's automatically less for the other.

"The deterioration in employment opportunities among young men was primarily the consequence of the decline in manufacturing.

"It's not the case that all these apprenticeships were suddenly taken by lots of young women. It's that the manufacturing jobs just weren't there anymore."

Certainly, there is no question that the number of female workers in the UK has increased significantly over the past four decades.

Labour Force Survey estimates suggest that the employment rate for women aged 16 to 59 rose from 56% in 1971 to 73% in 2004.

Whereas in 1971 there were nine million women over the age of 16 in work, by 2004 that figure stood at 13 million.

At the same time, social mobility for men appears to have fallen back over the same period.

According to the government's own social mobility strategy, the proportion of males born in 1958, with parents who were in the bottom fifth of earners, moving upwards was 70%. For those born in 1970, the figure was 62%.

In 2008-09, 51% of young women entered higher education, according to figures released earlier this year by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, compared with 40% of young men.

It was the first time more than half of women went on to higher education - 20 years previously, only about one in five young women went into higher education and a decade prior to that it was about one in 10.

It is figures like these that may have led Mr Willetts to conclude that greater opportunities for women have resulted in fewer for men.

Continue reading the main story The 2010 gender pay divide, which was the closest since figures started in 1997, showed UK men took home 10% more pay than their female counterpartsThe Office for National Statistics data shows that, in April 2010, the UK workforce was made up of 12.7 million men and 12.3 million women.However, work patterns were vastly different between the sexes. Some 88% of men worked full-time, but only 58% of women worked full-timeWomen tended to have lower hourly rates of pay in general, the figures showRod Liddle, the son of a train driver who has risen to become a prominent journalist, says he does not like the manner in which the minister made his point. And Liddle insists the move of women into the workplace was just and correct.

But he says such statistics demonstrate that the arrival of middle-class women in large numbers into the universities and professions has restricted the prospects for men with working-class backgrounds.

"The move of women into the workplace is absolutely right - it should be guaranteed," he says.

"But what Willetts said in down-the-line, factual terms is right. It annoys me when the left refuse to accept that it's harder for men or that the process has had an effect on the family. That doesn't mean it was wrong."

Of course, the number of job opportunities on offer and the nature of the labour market did not stand still as women began to make up a greater proportion of the labour force.

As a result, many academics regard such an interpretation of the data as simplistic.

Factory Men used to achieve social mobility by rising through the factory ranks

Karen Mumford, professor of economics at the University of York, says it is "woolly-minded" to assume that the number of job opportunities has remained static.

In the days before feminism, she says, those working-class men who achieved upward social mobility tended to do so by moving through the ranks at their workplace.

But, Prof Mumford adds, the decline in manufacturing - which traditionally was a source of better-paid jobs for a predominantly male workforce - has meant that these opportunities are no longer available.

The number of jobs in manufacturing fell to 2.5 million in 2010, according to figures from business organisation, the Confederation of British Industry (CBI). This is equal to just 9% of the total workforce. In 1978 over seven million people were employed in the sector, equal to 28.5% of the workforce.

She points out, additionally, that the rise in the proportion of women attending higher education mirrored a huge increase in the number of places available for both genders. Government figures show an all-time high of 45% of young people going to university in 2008-09 compared with only about one in 20 in the early 1960s.

As a result, Prof Mumford says, there was never a pre-feminist golden age in which large numbers of working-class men attended universities.

Continue reading the main story

Janice Turner, Times columnist

"I don't like to defend government ministers.

"But I don't think David Willetts was saying feminism is wrong or evil.

"It's not about social mobility per se. What's happened is that middle-class parents aren't just getting their sons into university, they're now getting their daughters in as well.

"That's just a fact. We need to have a clearer debate about these things. The issue needs to be unpicked."

"It was very rare then and it's very rare now," she says. "They are not competing. The problem isn't feminism.

"What's happened is that those middle-income working class jobs with which a man used to be able to keep a family have disappeared, while the number of lower-skill service sector jobs, which women have always tended to do, has expanded."

She acknowledges that the number of better-paid "problem-solving" occupations at the top of the income scale which require a university education have increased, but that this has benefited male and female workers alike.

Moreover, feminists would point to the fact that men in the UK took home 10% more pay than their female colleagues in 2010, according to the Office for National Statistics.

Kate Saunders, feminist writer and novelist, says the idea that greater female participation in the workforce is to blame for a decline in male social mobility ignores the large numbers of women working in badly paid service sector jobs that many men don't want.

"So many things have changed, not just the number of women in the workplace," she says.

"Years ago many working-class men used to work in the factory at the bottom of their street, it just doesn't happen like that anymore and that's not the fault of women. They aren't to blame for things like the decline of the manufacturing industry in this country."

But as long as there is a debate over social mobility, there will also be debate about the repercussions of feminism.


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Medvedev denounces cyber-attack

8 April 2011 Last updated at 10:06 GMT Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, 6 Apr 11 President Medvedev has enthusiastically embraced new media Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has condemned as "outrageous and illegal" a cyber-attack on a popular social networking website that hosts his blog.

The LiveJournal site was hit by a denial-of-service attack on Wednesday.

The site crashed after being bombarded with messages from thousands of infected computers, an expert from the Kaspersky Labs computer company said.

Russian media say a similar attack has now hit Novaya Gazeta, a newspaper often critical of official policies.

In his blog, President Medvedev said: "As an active user of LiveJournal I consider these actions outrageous and illegal.

"What has occurred should be examined by LiveJournal's administration and law enforcement agencies."

The internet has become a major forum for free speech in Russia, where many broadcasters and newspapers are influenced by powerful state or corporate interests.

Internet 'parliament'

Novaya Gazeta's website could not be accessed on Friday, following the cyber-attack, which began on Thursday.

Alexander Gostev, of Kaspersky Labs, told Moscow Echo radio the attack was coming from thousands of infected computers from China, the US and Western Europe.

A spokesperson for Novaya Gazeta, quoted by Interfax news agency, linked the attack to the paper's effort to launch an "online parliament".

Nadezhda Prusenkova said: "We would like to create a platform to serve as an alternative to the incumbent authorities, where the problems which the authorities either ignore, or just choose to ignore, could be discussed."

Sup Media, the owner of LiveJournal, said it was "delighted" that Mr Medvedev had "criticised the recent hacker attacks in the strongest terms".

"We will continue to investigate the source of these attacks and work to improve our systems to prevent any recurrence," Sup Media CEO Annelies Van Den Belt said.

Sup Media described Mr Medvedev as "an enthusiastic blogger on LiveJournal for the past two years".


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Cursor controlled just by thought

7 April 2011 Last updated at 12:10 GMT By Jason Palmer Science and technology reporter, BBC News X-ray of electrode array The studies used large arrays of electrodes but the job could be done with far smaller implants A cursor on a computer screen can be controlled using thoughts about a range of vowel sounds, research has found.

Brain signals have been translated into motion or even pictures before, but the current research showcases a nascent technique called electrocorticography.

The approach uses sensors placed directly on the surface of the brain.

The authors of the Journal of Neuroengineering paper say the technique will lead to better "brain-computer interfaces" for the disabled.

A great many studies and demonstrations have in recent years made use of the electroencephalograph, or EEG, typically worn as a "cap" studded with electrodes that pick up the electric fields produced by firing neurons.

The technique has been shown to guide electric wheelchairs or even toys, based only on the wearer's intention.

Sound idea

However, EEGs lose a great deal of the precious information that is available closer to the brain itself, what lead author of the study Eric Leuthardt, of Washington University in St Louis, in the US, calls the "gold standard" brain signal.

"You cannot get the spatial or the signal resolution," he told BBC News.

"One of the key features in signal resolution is seeing the higher frequencies of brain activity - those higher frequencies have a substantial capability of giving us better insights into cognitive intentions, and part of the reason EEG suffers for this is it acts as a filter of all of these high frequency signals."

That is, the EEG picks up signals outside the skull, which acts to absorb and muddle the signals.

Electrocorticography, by contrast, is so named because it taps directly into the brain's cortex - the outermost layer of the brain.

In a surgical procedure, a plastic pad containing a number of electrodes is implanted under the skull.

Its power has already been shown off in allowing video game play by thought alone - but in the new study, the researchers have tapped into the speech network of the brain.

Man with EEG cap EEGs are a simpler but potentially less reliable way to harness thoughts

Prior studies have made use of the motor control signals in the brain: the thought or will to move in a particular direction.

But Dr Leuthardt said that the units of speech known as phonemes allow signals of a particular "discrete" nature, rather than signals that range in intensity, as with thoughts of motion.

"(It's) for the same reason that you don't type a paper with a mouse - you have a keyboard with a number of discrete commands," he explained.

"We would want to facilitate somebody's abilty to communicate by having different phonemes - or essentially key presses - that could allow them to have discrete type of control."

Four patients who were already undergoing the electrocorticograph implantation - to establish the source of incurable epileptic seizures - participated in the latest study.

They were asked to think of four different phonemes - "oo", "ah", "ee" and "eh" - and their brain signals were recorded. Those higher-frequency signals were shown to reliably move a cursor on a computer screen.

"Do we need that gold standard to get this simple level of control? I think the likely answer is yes," Dr Leuthardt explained.

"For a brain-computer interface, especially for someone who is severly impaired, they need something that is absolutely, completely reliable. If you think of EEG (systems), they move, they're susceptible to noise, and the likelihood for reliablity is much lower."

Just a few discrete but reliable signals - tantamount to being able to move a cursor in two dimensions and effect a "click" - could lead to a vast number of applications, he continued.

"What is one of the most prolific '2D-plus-click' devices we have today? It's an Iphone. Once you have 2D plus click... there's innumerable different types of functionality you can create on an application base - but what you first need is the control."

The study also showed that the large-area arrays utilised for the epilepsy research would not be necessary for future electrocorticography implants; an area just 4mm by 4mm can provide the same level of information.


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Prominent Israelis in peace bid

6 April 2011 Last updated at 18:55 GMT By Yolande Knell BBC News, Jerusalem Palestinian boy walks by separation barrier in Aida Refugee Camp, near Bethlehem. The new peace plan would see a two-state solution and address the issue of Palestinian refugees. A group of former Israeli security chiefs and politicians have presented a proposal to restart stalled peace talks with the Palestinians.

They are hoping it will put pressure on the Israeli prime minister to act.

More than 50 prominent Israelis back the informal plan, which they say is based on a 2002 Arab initiative.

They include former heads of the national intelligence agency, Mossad, the Shin Bet domestic security agency, and the military.

Other signatories are academics and business leaders.

The proposal would see Israel agree to a Palestinian state in almost all of the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem with border adjustments so it could keep key settlements.

It would give possible financial compensation to Palestinian refugees. A small number might be allowed to return to their former family homes in Israel.

A similar formula has been offered in formal and informal frameworks before, without leading to an agreement.

At a news conference in Tel Aviv, Yacov Peri, a former head of Shin Bet, told the BBC he and the other signatories felt the Israeli government needed to be pushed to break the deadlock.

Former Shin Bet chief, Yacov Peri Former Shin Bet chief Yacov Peri and other backers of the plan want to put pressure on Mr Netanyahu

"We are considered peace refuseniks, frozen, without initiative," he said. "Israel is strong and talented and it's time to talk to take our future in our hands."

Mr Peri said the current upheaval in the Arab world and a plan to ask the United Nations General Assembly to recognise an independent Palestinian state within 1967 borders required an Israeli response.

Foreign pressure

The Palestinians want a state covering all the West Bank and Gaza, with Arab East Jerusalem as their capital as well as a settlement of the refugee issue.

Their officials have broadly welcomed the new initiative, but say they want to examine the complete text.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has been shown a copy of the plan.

His spokesman Ophir Gendelman said: "This initiative reflects the true yearning of the Israeli people for peace. This initiative, like the Israeli government's policy, is based upon the need to go back to direct negotiations between the two sides."

Israeli President Shimon Peres and US President Barack Obama The US and Israeli presidents discussed the implications of Arab uprisings.

Mr Netanyahu has agreed to the principle of a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. However US-brokered talks collapsed in September in a dispute over continued settlement building in the occupied West Bank.

This week the US and the European Union criticised an Israeli plan to build more than 900 homes in the settlement of Gilo in East Jerusalem.

On Tuesday US President Barack Obama spoke of the need to end the deadlock in peace talks when he met Israeli President Shimon Peres at the White House.

"With the winds of change blowing through the Arab world, it's more urgent than ever that we try to seize the opportunity to create a peaceful solution between Palestinians and Israelis," Mr Obama said.

However he did not suggest any new initiative to bring the two sides together.

There is also pressure from the Israeli opposition.

"The current government has wasted the last two years," Shaul Mofaz, a leading parliamentarian from the Kadima party told reporters. "The 'do-nothing policy' is very dangerous."


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Actors protest over art funding

8 April 2011 Last updated at 10:24 GMT Sir Patrick Stewart (centre) and Samuel West (r) are among actors against arts cuts

Some of the UK's leading actors have gathered in London to protest against the recent round of Arts cuts.

Sir Patrick Stewart, Penelope Wilton and Samuel West are among the stars who have signed and delivered a petition to Downing Street calling for a "coherent" arts policy.

Last week, more than 200 organisations lost out on annual funding from Arts Council England.

Sir Patrick told the BBC he felt the cuts were "unnecessary".

The petition asks the government for an "arts summit" involving funding bodies and artists to give the industry a clear direction.

"We don't know what policy exists," said Sir Patrick. "We know that we represent part of British culture, which is a massive success. It seems as though we're just adrift."

Some 695 groups will get funding for 2012 to 2015 - down from 849 - while 110 new groups have been successful.

West said the arts industry was the "second most profitable sector in Britain" and it was important funding continued to keep the sector going.

"It ain't broke, so don't fix it, a £100 million cut to a £450 million budget is not minor," he added.

"We want a government funded Arts Council that allows us to be as successful as we are at the moment and continue to play our part in paying for hospital beds. We're profitable. We want to continue to be.

"I would accept the need for cuts if they were equal across sectors but I don't think banks are paying their due."

Meanwhile, Sky has launched a £1.2 million fund, which is aimed at supporting arts organisations across the UK.

The Sky Arts Ignition Series, will pledge up to £200,000 to six arts organisations over the next three years.

Each of the projects created from the money will be promoted on Sky Arts.


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Monkeys 'harbour malaria threat'

8 April 2011 Last updated at 11:45 GMT By James Gallagher Health reporter, BBC News Monkeys A type of malaria could move from monkeys to humans, say scientists Scientists are warning that a species of malaria could switch from targeting monkeys to humans.

Macaques in south east Asia are a vast source of Plasmodium knowlesi which can spread to people, they write in PLoS Pathogens.

They believe that growing human populations and increased deforestation in the region could lead to the parasite switching host.

But those changes could also reduce the spread of the disease.

Around one million people die each year as a result of malaria.

It is caused by parasites and is spread by mosquitoes when they drink blood.

'Huge reservoir'

P. knowlesi is known as the fifth malarial parasite in humans.

It mostly exists in monkeys, however, there have been human cases and it has been shown in the laboratory to be able to spread from human to human.

Continue reading the main story
With increasing human populations and deforestion we may get a shift to humans”

End Quote Professor Balbir Singh University Malaysia Sarawak In south east Asia, the macaques are the second most common primate after humans.

Blood tests on 108 wild macaques showed that more than three quarters were infected with the malaria parasite.

Professor Balbir Singh, from the Malaria Research Centre at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, told the BBC: "they are a huge reservoir of Plasmodium knowlesi."

Genetic analysis showed that P. knowlesi had existed in monkeys since before humans settled in south east Asia. The researchers said humans were being infected from the 'reservoir', rather than the disease spreading between humans.

Prof Singh raised concerns about what could happen in the future: "We don't know how mosquito behaviour will change.

"With increasing human populations and deforestation we may get a shift to humans. The number of malaria cases is coming down so there is also decreased immunity. Or would deforestation reduce numbers? It could go either way."

Dr Hilary Ranson, from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, said: "It seems a very reasonable thing to speculate.

"Deforestation or any perturbation of the ecosystem frequently leads to humans being exposed to an expanded range of biting insects and the pathogens they transmit, yellow fever is a good example of this."

She said if humans catch the parastite more often then P knowlesi may evolve to target humans.

"To me the important message is that disruption of the environment exposes people to a range of known and potentially unknown pathogens transmitted by blood feeding insects that do not typically feed on humans" she added.


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BBC presenting role for O'Reilly

8 April 2011 Last updated at 13:09 GMT Miriam O'Reilly O'Reilly will travel around the UK reporting from various different locations Broadcaster Miriam O'Reilly, who won an age discrimination tribunal case against the BBC, has landed a new presenting role on BBC One.

The 54-year-old will join Rav Wilding as a presenter for the Crimewatch Roadshow when it returns in June for its third series.

In January, O'Reilly won her case after claiming she had been dropped unfairly as a Countryfile presenter.

The BBC said it accepted the tribunal outcome and apologised.

"I'm delighted to be working on a programme that can really make a difference," O'Reilly said.

"It's a chance for me to use my journalistic skills and I'm really looking forward to getting back to the buzz of live TV".

Wilding will host the programme from the studio, whilst O'Reilly will travel around the UK reporting from various different locations.


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VIDEO: Surrogate mum carries own cousin

8 April 2011 Last updated at 09:54 GMT Help

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Chinese police investigate artist

7 April 2011 Last updated at 06:36 GMT Ai Weiwei poses with his installation Sunflower Seeds at the Tate Modern gallery in London in October 2010 Ai Weiwei: Not seen since he was stopped trying to board a Hong Kong-bound plane Chinese police have begun investigating the detained artist, Ai Weiwei, for suspected economic crimes.

China's state news agency, Xinhua, reported the investigation but gave no other details.

It is the first official update on Ai Weiwei since he was detained by officials at Beijing airport on Sunday.

Ai Weiwei, who co-designed the Beijing Olympic stadium known as the "Bird's Nest", is often described as China's most famous contemporary artist.

He is also one of the Chinese government's fiercest critics, complaining about a lack of basic rights and freedoms - often incorporating these political themes into his work.

Xinhua's one-line English-language report on the investigation later appeared to have been removed from its website. Internet links to the story returned an error message.

'Waiting for news'

The BBC's Jo Floto in Beijing says Mr Ai, the son of a prominent communist, had appeared to enjoy a degree of protection.

In the last couple of months, dozens of activists have ended up in custody or house arrest, none of them as open in their criticism as Mr Ai.

"Release Ai Weiwei" protests at China Liaison Office Hong Kong April 5, 2011 Ai Weiwei has supporters around the world - including these protesters in Hong Kong

The news that he is being investigated for economic crimes may signal that China's authorities will seek to characterise him as a common criminal, rather than a political prisoner, our correspondent says.

On Wednesday a Chinese state-run newspaper, The Global Times, described him as a maverick who took part in legally ambiguous activities.

Police later seized computers and money at his home and his wife, Lu Qing, told reporters the raid involved more than 40 policemen going in and out of their home.

She says she has heard nothing since.

"I am waiting for news," she said. "I so far have no information from the authorities about the fate of Ai Weiwei."

"He felt a premonition that he would be detained," she added.

She is also concerned for his health, saying the 53-year old artist takes medicine for a range of illnesses.

Foreign governments have called for Ai Weiwei's immediate release.

The US Ambassador Jon Huntsman mentioned the artist among other activists who "challenge the Chinese government to serve the public in all cases and at all times".

Human rights groups say China's current crackdown on dissent is a response to protests in the Middle East and North Africa.

Human Rights Watch said up to 25 lawyers, activists and bloggers had been either detained, arrested or had disappeared. Dozens more had been subjected to harassment, it said.

Ai Weiwei currently has an exhibition at the Tate Modern gallery in London, displaying 100 million porcelain objects that look like sunflower seeds.


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Europe 'losing' superbugs battle

7 April 2011 Last updated at 02:57 GMT By Michelle Roberts Health reporter, BBC News Klebsiella pneumoniae NDM-1 is carried by Gram-negative bacteria like Klebsiella The emergence of antibiotic-resistant infections has reached unprecedented levels and now outstrips our ability to fight it with existing drugs, European health experts are warning.

Each year in the EU over 25,000 people die of bacterial infections that are able to outsmart even the newest antibiotics.

The World Health Organization says the situation has reached a critical point.

A united push to make new drugs is urgently needed, it says.

Without a concerted effort, people could be dealing with the "nightmare scenario" of worldwide spread of untreatable infections, says the WHO.

One example is the New Delhi or NDM-1 superbug recently found in UK patients.

They brought the infection back with them from countries like India and Pakistan, where they had visited for medical treatment and cosmetic surgery.

Becoming untreatable

These superbugs are resistant to carbapenem antibiotics, which is concerning for experts because they are some of our most powerful weapons and are used for hard-to-treat infections that evade other drugs.

Continue reading the main story
Given the growth of travel and trade in Europe and across the world, people should be aware that until all countries tackle this, no country alone can be safe”

End Quote Zsuzsanna Jakab WHO regional director for Europe The Cardiff University researchers, who made the discovery last August, now say bacteria with this new genetic resistance to antibiotics have contaminated New Delhi's drinking water supply, meaning millions of people there could be carriers.

Dr Timothy Walsh and his team collected 171 swabs of seepage water and 50 public tap water samples from sites within a 12km radius of central New Delhi between September and October 2010.

The NDM-1 gene was found in two of the 50 drinking-water samples and 51 of 171 seepage samples.

Worryingly, the gene had spread to bacteria that cause dysentery and cholera, which can be easily passed from person to person via sewage-contaminated drinking water.

"Oral-faecal transmission of bacteria is a problem worldwide, but its potential risk varies with the standards of sanitation.

"In India, this transmission represents a serious problem… 650 million citizens do not have access to a flush toilet and even more probably do not have access to clean water," the researchers warn in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases.

The scientists are calling for urgent action by health authorities worldwide to tackle the new strains and prevent their global spread.

Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO regional director for Europe, said: "Antibiotics are a precious discovery, but we take them for granted, overuse and misuse them: there are now superbugs that do not respond to any drugs.

"Given the growth of travel and trade in Europe and across the world, people should be aware that until all countries tackle this, no country alone can be safe."

The UK's Health Protection Agency said it was monitoring the spread of NDM-1 closely.

"The first case of a bacterial infection with this resistance was identified in January 2008. Monitoring of this resistance began in 2009 as more cases were identified."

So far, there have been around 70 cases of the infection recorded in the UK.

The HPA insists that the risk of infection to travellers to the Indian subcontinent who are not treated in hospital is minimal.

"If members of the public are travelling for surgery overseas they should satisfy themselves that appropriate infection control measures are in place," says the HPA.


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